Management Practices and Leadership Styles of Secondary School Heads and Teachers' Organizational Commitment in the Second Congressional District of Samar
Keywords:
Managment Practices, Leadership Styles, Organizational CommitmentAbstract
This study endeavored to determine the management practices and leadership styles of school heads and their influence on teachers’ organizational commitment in the Second Congressional District of Samar for the 2015-2016 school year. The descriptive-correlational research design was employed in this study. It identified the profiles of the school head-respondents and teacher-respondents, their perceptions of the management practices and leadership styles of school heads, and the organizational commitment of teacher-respondents. After which, the perceptions of the two groups of respondents along management practices and leadership styles were compared. The coefficients of correlation between leadership style of school head-respondents and the number of teachers supervised were 0.195 and 0.675; 0.259, and 0.575 for years in service, and 0.062 and 0.895 for place of assignment. The p-values were greater than the 0.05 significance of the hypothesis, “There is no significant relationship between school head-respondents’ leadership styles and number of teachers supervised; years in service; and place of assignment”. Of the three, the school head-respondents’ personal variates, only school head-respondents year in service was significantly related with aligning performance for success through planning, organizing, and delegating; relationship/valuing diversity; and communication; but not with adaptability; conflict management/problem solving; and organizational awareness/strategic thinking and decision-making. For the recommendation, based on the finding that school heads and the teachers had different perceptions regarding some of a school head’s management practices, it is suggested that the school heads be honest with their actions to gain the teachers’ commitment to the school organization.
References
BOOKS
Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B.J. (2000). “MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Sampler set”. 2nd ed. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garrden
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1992). Developing Transformational Leadership: Journal of European Industrial Training
Blake, R. & Mouton, J. (1991). Building a Dynamic Corporation Through Grid Organization Development. Reading Mass: Addison Wesley
Calmorin, L. (1994). Educational Research Measurement and Evaluation. 2nd ed. National Bookstore. Inc. Philippines
Campbell, R., Corbally, J., & Ramseyer, j. (1983). “Introduction to Educational Administration”. 3rd Ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon
Daft, R. (Ed). (1969), Supervisory Development Course Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Educational Technology Publication
Deal, T. & Peterson, K. (2000). “The Leadership Paradox: Balancing Logic and Artistry in Schools”. San Francisco: Jossey-Basey
De Vries, M.R. (2003). Leaders, Fools, Imposters. San Francisco, Ca: Jossey-Bass
Fiedler, F. Chemers, M., & Mahar, L. (1977). “Improving Leadership Effectiveness”. New York, NY: John Wiley
Fiedler, F. E., (1977). “A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness”. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.
Happock, M. (2006). Human Resource Management. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, p.28
Hogan, R. T. (2004)). Personality and Personality Measurement. In M. D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (Eds.) Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, pp. 873-919
House, R. J. (1971). A Path-Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16 (3), pp. 321-338
Hoy, W.K., & Miskel, C. G. (2001). “Educational Administration: Theory, Research, and Practice”. 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill
Kimber, M. (2003). “The ‘right’ decision? Towards an understanding of ethical dilemmas for school leaders”, Westminster Studies in Education. @6 (2), pp. 135-147
Koontz, Harold Cyrill O’Donnell and Heinz Weihrich. (1994). Essentials of Management. 4th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Lashway, L. (2003). “The Strategies of a Leader”. ERIC Digest
Leithwood, K., Jantzi, D., & Steinbach, R. (1999). “Changing Leadership for Changing Times”. Philadelphia: Open University Press
Maslow, A. H. (1943). “A Theory of Human Motivation”. Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370-396
Maxwell, J. The Power of Leadership. (2001). Tulsa, Oklahoma: River Club Publishing
Meyer, J. (2007). Commitment in the Workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
Newstrom, J. W. & Davis, K. (eds). (2002). Organizational Behavior. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Pfeffer, J. (2008). The Human Equation, Boston, Harvard Business School Press
Porter, L. W., & Smith, F. L. (2010). “Organization commitment and managerial turnover”. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 15, pp. 87-98.
Powell D.M.; Meyer J.P. (2004). Side-bet theory and the three-component model of organizational commitment. J. Vocat. Behav. (65) 157-177
Reichheld, F. (2006). The Loyalty Effect. Harvard Business School Press, Boston
Robbins, S. and Judge, T. (2014). Essentials of Organizational Behavior. 12th Ed.. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Santos, E. Organizational and Management. (1999). Makati City, Philippines, JAME Printing Press
Stacey, D. (2013). Strategic Management and Organizational Dynamics. London: Prentice Hall
Stolp, S. & Smith, S. (19994). “School Culture and Climate: The Role of the Leader” OSSC Bulletin. Eugene, Oregon School Study Council
Stoner, James A. F. (1992). Management. Prentice-Hill, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey
Tannenbaum, R. & Schmidt, W.H. (1973). “How to Choose a Leadership Pattern”. Harvard Business Review, 36, pp. 95-101
Townsend, R. (2005). Reinventing Leadership. New York: William Morrow and Company
Vroom, Victor H. (19640. Work and Motivation, New York: Willey Book Co.
Yamane, Taro. (1964). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row
Yuki, Gary A. (1989). “Leadership in Organizations”. 2nd ed. New Year: Prentice Hall. Inc.
JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS
Allen, J. (2005). Further Assessment of Bass’s (19985) Conceptualization of Transactional and Transformational Leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 486-478
Allister, J. (2012). The Link Between Business Strategy and Industrial Relations Systems in American Steel Minimills. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 29, 143-174
Angle, H. (2011). An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1-14
Berkes, L. (2009). Leader Behavior in a Police Command Bureaucracy: A Closer Look at the Quasi-Military Model. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 1-23
Ewing, T. (2011). Accountable Leadership: The Relationship of Principal Leadership Style and Student Achievement in Urban Elementary Schools. Retrieved June 12, 2015 from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses: Full-Text database. (AAT 3037206)
Fiedler, Fred E. (1970). “Leadership Experience and Leader Performance- Another Hypotheses Shot to Hell”. Organizational Behavior and Human Experience, January
Goldsmith, J. (2008). Learning to Lead: A Workbook on Becoming a Leader. Addison Wesley, Reading
Kerfoot, K. (2008). Creating Trust. Dermatology Nursing, 10(1), 59-60
Lewin, K.; Lippitt, R.; White, R.K. (1939). “Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created Social Climates”. Journal of Social Psychology (10), 271-301
Lippitt, G. (2002). :Managing Conflict in Today’s Organization”. Training and Development, (36), 66-74
Loui, K. (2005). Understanding Employee Commitment in the Public Organization: A Study of the Juvenile Detention Center. International Journal of Public Administration. 18(8), 1269-1295
Mowday, R. (2009). The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, (14), 224-247
Morrow, P. (2013). Introduction: Understanding and Managing Loyalty in a Multicommitment World. Journal of Business Research, (26), 1-2.
Ovando, M. (2007). Alternative Approaches to the Employee-Organization Relationship: Does Investment in Employees Pay Off? Academy of Management Journal, (40), 1089-1121
Philippine Business Magazine. (2004). In the Running: the 2004 Election. Track Record and Leadership Style. Volume 10 No. 9
Raju, P. and Srivastava, R. (2014). Factors Contributing to Commitment to the Teaching Profession. International Journal of Educational Management, 8 (5), 7-13
Reichers, A. (2006). Conflict and Organizational Commitments. Journal of Applied Psychology, (71), 508-514
Steers, R. (2007). A Path Analysis of a Organizational Commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly,(22), 46-56
Summers, T. (2007). A Path Analysis of a Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Human Relations, (40), 445-470
The Modern Teacher. (August 1986) Vol. XXXV, No. 4, PAPI Publishers Association of the Philippines
Trice, R. (2009). An Empirical Study of Howard Becker’s Side-Bet Theory. Social Forces, 947), 475-479
Wiener, Y. (2010). Relationship Between Job, organization, and Career Commitments and Work Outcomes: An Integrative Approach. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, (26), 81-96
Yusuf, Adeoti Florence. (2012). “Influence of Principals’ Leadership Styles on Students Academic Achievement in Secondary Schools”. Journal of Innovative Research in Management and Humanities. Global Research Publishing
UNPUBLISHED WORKS
Agustin, Eric Datu. (2004), “Bases of Power Used By Public Secondary School Administrators As Related to Their Performance and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Tarlac City, Philippines: Tarlac State University
Ajayi, D. (1996), “The Relationship Between Principals’ Leadership Style and the Climate of Secondary School in Ekiti”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. University of Ibadan
Boller, Laura B. (2015), “Leadership Styles of Middle Level Managers ad Job Satisfaction of Faculty in SUCs: Basis for the Selection of Leaders’, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Samar State University, Catbalogan City
Cajurao, Domingo A. (2006), “Professional Opportunities: Their Implications to Teachers Performance in the State Colleges in Samar”, Unpublished Master’s thesis, Samar State University, Catbalogan, Samar
Canivel. Lea Daradal (2010), “Principals’ adversity Quotient: Styles, Performance and Practices”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City
Conul, Teresita M. (2012), “Background Characteristics and Leadership Skills of Principals and Academic Performance of Senior High School Students in the Division of Ormoc City”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City
Dalisay, C. (2007), “Administrative Practices: Influence of Secondary School, Science Teachers and Administrator Characteristic”. PhD. Dissertation, University of the Philippines, Diliman Quezon City
De Vera, Antonio D. (2006), “The Personality Traits and Professional Competencies of Administrator in Hindang District, Leyte Division, As Perceived by their Teachers”, Unpublished master’s Thesis, Technological University of the Philippines, Manila
Fabular, Francisco O. (2004), “The Leadership Style of Public School District Supervisors As Perceived By Division Supervisors, District Supervisors Themselves, elementary School Administrators and The Elementary School Teachers in Tacloban City Schools Division”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Ateneo de Manila University
Gehlawat, Manju (2012), “Organizational Commitment in Relation to Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation of Secondary School Teachers Working in Different Types of Schools”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Maharshi Dayanand University
Lazaro, A. R. C. (2004), “Adversity Quotient and the Performance Level of Selected Middle managers of the Different Departments of the City of Manila as Revealed by the 360-degree Feedback System”. Presentation Paper in the Special Session: Workshop for Prospective Scholars, International Industrial Relations Association (IIRA), 5th Asian Regional Congress, Seoul, Korea
Manaog, Marietta B. (2011), “Organizational Commitment of the Faculty of State Universities Background Characteristics, Empowerment, and Professional and in Region VIII”. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City
McMahon, Brian (2007), “Organizational Commitment, Relationship Commitment and Their Association with Attachment Style and Locus of Control”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology
Monteron, Sofronia D. (2003), “Management Style on the Quality of School Governance in Selected Private High Schools and Colleges in Samar”, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Christ the King College, Calbayog City
Moore, Heather Louise (2012), “Ethical Climate, Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction of Full-Time Faculty Members”. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. East Tennessee State University
Napire, Jodel N. (2013) “Adversity Quotient and leadership style in Relation to the Demographic Profile of the Elementary School Principals in the Second Congressional District of Camarines Sur”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. University of Northeastern Philippines, Iriga City
Nayangga, Resty L. (2008), “Educational Qualifications and Instructional Competencies of Elementary Grade Teachers in the Division of Calbayog”, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City
Palencia, Redentor S. (2015), “Executive Leadership and Organizational Culture of SUCs in Region VIII”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City
Raagas, Rodney V. (2008), “Predictors of Teachers Performance”, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Leyte Normal University, Tacloban City
Suraya, Wan Hanun & Yunus, Jamal Nordin (2012), “Principal Leadership Styles in High-Academic Performance of Selected Secondary Schools in Kelantan Darulnaim”. International Journal of Independent Research and Studies - IJIRS, Vol. 1, No. 2. Indexing and Abstracting: Ulrich’s - Global Serials Directory
INTERNET AND OTHER SOURCES
Almusaileem, Muhammad Y. (2012). Towards a New Theory in School Management: The Theory of Positive Containment. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G!-283945593
Casto, M. (2007). “Professional codes of ethics: Principles and Principals”, Retrieved November 01, 2008, from The Ohio State University, The Principal’s Office Web site: http://principalsoffice.osu.edu/files/profreadings.3.08.php
De Leon, M. (2011). Philippine education ranked ‘poor’. Retrieved June 2015 from http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business//06/14/11/philippine-education-ranked-poor
“DepEd Secretary Luistro to school principals: You are the department”. (2010). A September 26, 2010 press release by the Department of Education. Meralco Avenue, Pasig City 1600. Retrieved from www.deped.gov.ph
Ginsberg, R. (2012). Dilemmas and Solutions regarding principals evaluation. Peabody Journal of Education, 68(1), 58-74. Retrieved May 2, 2015 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/i265907
Howell, Jane M.; Avolio, Bruce J. (1993). Transformational Leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated-business-unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 78(6), Retrieved Dec. 1993, 891-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.891
Hsin-Kuang, C. (2012). The Moderating Effect of Transformational Leadership on Knowledge Management and Organizational Effectiveness. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 40(6), 1015-1024. Retrieved April 23, 2015 from http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.6.1015
Leadership Styles Survey (2007). Board of regents of the University System of Georgia (developed by its GLISI, Georgia’s Leadership Institute for School Improvement). Retrieved October 7, 2015 from https://www.kennesaw,edu/noyce/resources/handouts/Leadership%20Styles%20Survey%20(GLISI)%20pp%2067-74.pdf
Mathews, B. (2010). Employee Commitment: Academic vs. Practitioner Perspectives. Employee Relations, 22(6), Retrieved on May 5, 2001 from Emerald database
Mayol, A. (August 26th, 2012 9:12 AM). School principal, teacher cleared. Retrieved June 29, 2015 from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/258030/school-principal-teacher-cleared
Merriam-Webster Learning Dictionary, (ND). Retrieved from http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/assessment
Parry, L. (2008). “A study of ethical decision making of schools principals”, http://www.aare.edu.au/98pap/fre98168
